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<title>Forward chaining</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Forward chaining</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about forward chaining inference engines. For forward chaining as an instructional procedure, see <a href="Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a>.</div>

<p><b>Forward chaining</b> (or <b>forward reasoning</b>) is one of the two main methods of <a href="Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">reasoning</a> when using an <a href="Inference_engine" title="Inference engine">inference engine</a> and can be described logically as repeated application of <i><a href="Modus_ponens" title="Modus ponens">modus ponens</a></i>. Forward chaining is a popular implementation strategy for <a href="Expert_system" title="Expert system">expert systems</a>, <a href="Business_rules_engine" title="Business rules engine">business</a> and <a href="Production_system_(computer_science)" title="Production system (computer science)">production rule systems</a>. The opposite of forward chaining is <a href="Backward_chaining" title="Backward chaining">backward chaining</a>.

</p><p>Forward chaining starts with the available data and uses <a href="Inference_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Inference rule">inference rules</a> to extract more data (from an end user, for example) until a goal is reached. An <a href="Inference_engine" title="Inference engine">inference engine</a> using forward chaining searches the inference rules until it finds one where the <a href="Antecedent_(logic)" title="Antecedent (logic)">antecedent</a> (<b>If</b> clause) is known to be true. When such a rule is found, the engine can conclude, or infer, the <a href="Consequent" title="Consequent">consequent</a> (<b>Then</b> clause), resulting in the addition of new <a href="Information" title="Information">information</a> to its data.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Inference engines will <a href="Iteration#Computing" title="Iteration">iterate</a> through this process until a goal is reached.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2></div>

<p>Suppose that the goal is to conclude the color of a pet named Fritz, given that he croaks and eats flies, and that the <a href="Rule_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule base">rule base</a> contains the following four rules:

</p>

<ol><li><b>If</b> <i>X</i> croaks and <i>X</i> eats flies - <b>Then</b> <i>X</i> is a frog</li>

<li><b>If</b> <i>X</i> chirps and <i>X</i> sings - <b>Then</b> <i>X</i> is a canary</li>

<li><b>If</b> <i>X</i> is a frog - <b>Then</b> <i>X</i> is green</li>

<li><b>If</b> <i>X</i> is a canary - <b>Then</b> <i>X</i> is blue</li></ol>

<p>Let us illustrate forward chaining by following the pattern of a computer as it evaluates the rules.

Assume the following facts:

</p>

<ul><li>Fritz croaks</li>

<li>Fritz eats flies</li></ul>

<p>With forward reasoning, the inference engine can derive that Fritz is green in a series of steps:

</p><p>1. Since the base facts indicate that "Fritz croaks" and "Fritz eats flies", the antecedent of rule #1 is satisfied by substituting Fritz for <i>X</i>, and the inference engine concludes:

</p>

<pre> Fritz is a frog

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<p>2. The antecedent of rule #3 is then satisfied by substituting Fritz for <i>X</i>, and the inference engine concludes:

</p>

<pre> Fritz is green

</pre>

<p>The name "forward chaining" comes from the fact that the inference engine starts with the data and reasons its way to the answer,

as opposed to <a href="Backward_chaining" title="Backward chaining">backward chaining</a>, which works the other way around.

In the derivation, the rules are used in the opposite order as compared to <a href="Backward_chaining" title="Backward chaining">backward chaining</a>.

In this example, rules #2 and #4 were not used in determining that Fritz is green.

</p><p>Because the data determines which rules are selected and used, this method is called <a href="Data-driven_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Data-driven science">data-driven</a>, in contrast to <a href="Goal-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal-oriented">goal-driven</a> <a href="Backward_chaining" title="Backward chaining">backward chaining</a> inference. The forward chaining approach is often employed by <a href="Expert_system" title="Expert system">expert systems</a>, such as <a href="CLIPS" title="CLIPS">CLIPS</a>.

</p><p>One of the advantages of forward-chaining over backward-chaining is that the reception of new data can trigger new inferences, which makes the engine better suited to dynamic situations in which conditions are likely to change.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayes-Roth_1983_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes-Roth_1983-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>Forward chaining is a powerful reasoning strategy with numerous applications in AI and related fields. Some of the prominent applications include:

</p>

<ul><li><b>Expert Systems</b>: Expert systems are AI systems that mimic the decision-making abilities of human experts in a specific domain. They rely on forward chaining to apply expert knowledge to solve problems and make recommendations.</li>

<li><b>Diagnosis and Troubleshooting</b>: Forward chaining is extensively used in medical diagnosis and troubleshooting systems, where the input symptoms and test results are used to determine potential causes and treatments.</li>

<li><b>Intelligent Tutoring Systems</b>: Educational software often employs forward chaining to adapt to students’ progress and provide customized learning paths and feedback.</li>

<li><b>Decision Support Systems</b>: Forward chaining is utilized in business and management decision support systems to analyze data and recommend actions or strategies.</li>

<li><b>Natural Language Processing</b>: In natural language processing, forward chaining can be applied to resolve ambiguities in language and extract useful information from text.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_chaining" title="Backward chaining">Backward chaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Constraint_Handling_Rules" title="Constraint Handling Rules">Constraint Handling Rules</a></li>

<li><a href="Opportunistic_reasoning" title="Opportunistic reasoning">Opportunistic reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Rete_algorithm" title="Rete algorithm">Rete algorithm</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFeigenbaum1988" class="citation book cs1">Feigenbaum, Edward (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofexpertco00feig"><i>The Rise of the Expert Company</i></a></span>. Times Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofexpertco00feig/page/318">318</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8129-1731-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hayes-Roth_1983-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes-Roth_1983_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHayes-RothDonald_WatermanDouglas_Lenat1983" class="citation book cs1">Hayes-Roth, Frederick; Donald Waterman; Douglas Lenat (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildingexpertsy00temd"><i>Building Expert Systems</i></a></span>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-201-10686-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaczorSzymon_BobekGrzegorz_J._Nalepa2010" class="citation web cs1">Kaczor, Krzystof; Szymon Bobek; Grzegorz J. Nalepa (2010-12-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.agh.edu.pl/~ligeza/wiki/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=ke:ruleinfalg.pdf">"Overview of Expert System Shells"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>geist.agh.edu.pl/</i>. Krakow, Poland: Institute of Automatics: AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doubtly.in/forward-chaining/">"Applications of Forward Chaining"</a>. <i>www.doubtly.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130907161909/http://answers.semanticweb.com/questions/3304/forward-vs-backward-chaining">Forward vs. Backward Chaining Explained at SemanticWeb.com</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation</a> and <a href="Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">reasoning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_chaining" title="Backward chaining">Backward chaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Case-based_reasoning" title="Case-based reasoning">Case-based reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Commonsense_reasoning" title="Commonsense reasoning">Commonsense reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-based_reasoning" title="Model-based reasoning">Model-based reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Inference_engine" title="Inference engine">Inference engines</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof_assistant" title="Proof assistant">Proof assistants</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_engineering" title="Knowledge engineering">Knowledge engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Expert_system" title="Expert system">Expert systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CLIPS" title="CLIPS">CLIPS</a></li>

<li><a href="Connectionist_expert_system" title="Connectionist expert system">Connectionist expert systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Expert_systems_for_mortgages" title="Expert systems for mortgages">Expert systems for mortgages</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_expert_system" title="Legal expert system">Legal expert systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Reasoning_system#Types_of_reasoning_system" title="Reasoning system">Reasoning systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">Theorem provers</a></li>

<li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint solvers</a></li>

<li><a href="Deductive_classifier" title="Deductive classifier">Deductive classifiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic programs</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedural_reasoning_system" title="Procedural reasoning system">Procedural reasoning systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule engine">Rule engines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">Ontology languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attempto_Controlled_English" title="Attempto Controlled English">Attempto Controlled English</a></li>

<li><a href="F-logic" title="F-logic">F-logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_Interchange_Format" title="Knowledge Interchange Format">Knowledge Interchange Format</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorem provers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CARINE" title="CARINE">CARINE</a></li>

<li><a href="Nqthm" title="Nqthm">Nqthm</a></li>

<li><a href="Otter_(theorem_prover)" title="Otter (theorem prover)">Otter</a></li>

<li><a href="Paradox_(theorem_prover)" title="Paradox (theorem prover)">Paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Prover9" title="Prover9">Prover9</a></li>

<li><a href="SPASS" title="SPASS">SPASS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Constraint_satisfaction" title="Constraint satisfaction">Constraint satisfaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Constraint_logic_programming" title="Constraint logic programming">Constraint logic programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_consistency" title="Local consistency">Local consistency</a></li>

<li><a href="Satisfiability_modulo_theories" title="Satisfiability modulo theories">SMT solvers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-agent_planning" title="Multi-agent planning">Multi-agent planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial-order_planning" title="Partial-order planning">Partial-order planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Preference-based_planning" title="Preference-based planning">Preference-based planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactive_planning" title="Reactive planning">Reactive planning</a></li>

<li><a href="State-space_planning" title="State-space planning">State-space planning</a></li></ul>

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